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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Optical Scatter Microscopy Based on Two-Dimensional Gabor Filters
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Low-angle optical vortex coronagraphic scatterometer.

Lingyu Wan, Garreth J Ruane, Grover A Swartzlander

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    |November 3, 2016
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel optical vortex coronagraphic scatterometer successfully measured challenging zero and low-angle scattering spectra. Experimental results align with Mie scattering theory, enhancing particle characterization capabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Particle Characterization

    Background:

    • Measuring zero and low-angle scattering is crucial for understanding particle properties but technically challenging.
    • Existing methods often struggle with high dynamic range and isolating weak scattered signals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a new instrument for measuring broad angular scattering spectra, particularly at low angles.
    • To demonstrate the capability of the instrument in overcoming limitations of previous techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a novel optical vortex coronagraphic scatterometer (patent pending).
    • Employed high contrast discrimination to suppress unscattered coherent illumination.
    • Acquired both zero/low-angle and broader angular scattering data.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully obtained the complete scattering spectrum, including previously difficult-to-measure zero and low-angle regions.
    • Experimental measurements showed excellent agreement with Mie scattering theory predictions.
    • Demonstrated effective removal of the direct beam, revealing the superimposed low-angle scattered signal.

    Conclusions:

    • The optical vortex coronagraphic scatterometer is effective for comprehensive scattering measurements.
    • The instrument advances the ability to characterize particles through detailed scattering analysis.
    • Validated Mie scattering theory applicability across a wide angular range with the new method.