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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods
Published on: March 10, 2020
[Sex differences in congenital heart disease]
1Département de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France; Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier, 95500 Gonesse, France.
Abstract:
Gender influences the clinical presentation and the management of some acquired cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, resulting in different outcomes. Differences between women and men are also noticed in congenital heart disease. They are mainly related to the prevalence and severity of some congenital heart defects at birth, and in adulthood to the prognosis, incidence of Eisenmenger syndrome and risks of pregnancy. The role of gender on the risk of operative mortality of congenital heart surgery remains debated.
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