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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

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Ketamine: A Cause of Urinary Tract Dysfunction.

Frank Anthony Myers1, Martin H Bluth2, Wellman W Cheung1

  • 1Department of Urology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
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Summary

Drug addiction is rising globally, impacting urologic health. Ketamine misuse can cause voiding symptoms and complicate diagnosing conditions like interstitial cystitis.

Keywords:
BladderIllicitInflammationKetamineUrinary Tract DysfunctionUrology

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Global increase in drug addiction from prescribed and illicit substances.
  • Significant implications of substance abuse within the urologic disease spectrum.
  • Emerging concerns regarding the urologic effects of specific drugs, including ketamine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ketamine misuse on urologic function.
  • To identify specific voiding symptoms associated with ketamine use.
  • To explore how ketamine may affect the differential diagnosis of urologic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ketamine's effects on the urinary system.
  • Analysis of reported cases linking ketamine use to urologic symptoms.
  • Comparison of symptoms in ketamine users with known urologic diseases.

Main Results:

  • Ketamine use is associated with various voiding symptoms.
  • Ketamine can mimic or exacerbate symptoms of conditions like interstitial cystitis.
  • Differential diagnosis of urologic disorders may be complicated by ketamine's effects.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine misuse poses a risk to urologic health.
  • Healthcare providers should consider ketamine use when evaluating patients with voiding dysfunction.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand ketamine's long-term urologic consequences.