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Low Alcohol and Cigarette Use Is Associated to the Risk of Developing Chronic Pancreatitis
Milena Di Leo1, Gioacchino Leandro, Satish K Singh
1From the *Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; and †Gastroenterology Unit 1, Scientific Institute for Digestive Disease 'S. de Bellis' Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy ‡Institute for Digestive Liver Health, University College, London, United Kingdom; §Section of Gastroenterology Boston University School of Medicine Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA; ∥Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; and ¶Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Parma, Parma; and #Department of Radiology Center for Experimental Imaging, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of smoking and alcohol intake and pancreas divisum on the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis (CP).
Methods:
Consecutive patients with CP who underwent secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography were compared with consecutive patients without pancreatic disease who underwent secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for irritable bowel syndrome.
Results:
We enrolled 145 consecutive CP patients and 103 irritable bowel syndrome patients from 2010 to 2014. In a univariate analysis, statistically significant differences in sex, mean age, and the duration and amount of cigarette and alcohol use were found. Per a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, thresholds for cigarette and alcohol consumption were, respectively, 5.5 cigarettes and 13.5 g daily. In a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for CP were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.05), smoking more than 5.5 cigarettes per day (OR, 2.72), and drinking more than 13.5 g/d (OR, 6.35).
Conclusions:
In an Italian population, we confirmed smoking and alcohol as cofactors in the development of CP. This study shows that alcohol intake and smoking habits are 2 of the most important risk factors for the development of CP.
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