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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Protocol for Decellularizing Mouse Cochleae for Inner Ear Tissue Engineering
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Human cochlear hydrodynamics: A high-resolution μCT-based finite element study.

Annalisa De Paolis1, Hirobumi Watanabe2, Jeremy T Nelson3

  • 1The Department of Biomedical Engineering, Grove School of Engineering of The City College and The Graduate School of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|November 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used micro-CT scans and computational fluid dynamics to model human cochlear fluid dynamics. Perilymph flow is laminar and plug-like, with pressure and velocity out of phase across auditory frequencies.

Keywords:
Cochlea hydrodynamicsComputational fluid dynamicsHigh-resolution microCT imagingPerilymph flow velocityPerilymph pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Otoacoustic emissions
  • Auditory biomechanics
  • Fluid dynamics

Background:

  • Perilymph hydrodynamics in the human cochlea are poorly understood, with limited data from animal models.
  • Previous measurements focused on fluid pressure, not flow velocity, in specific cochlear turns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create accurate 3D models of the human cochlea for fluid dynamics analysis.
  • To investigate perilymph pressure and flow velocity within the human cochlea across the auditory frequency range.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution micro-CT scanning (6.7 and 3-µm) of human temporal bone specimens.
  • Utilized a contrast agent for enhanced soft and hard tissue visualization.
  • Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to anatomically accurate 3D cochlear models.

Main Results:

  • Computed hydrodynamic parameters (Reynolds, Womersley numbers) along the cochlear spiral.
  • Demonstrated spatial and temporal pressure gradients within the cochlea.
  • Identified laminar, plug-like perilymph flow with pressure 102-106° out of phase with velocity.

Conclusions:

  • Human cochlear fluid dynamics are characterized by laminar flow at auditory frequencies.
  • Pressure and velocity are significantly out of phase, impacting sound transmission.
  • Average flow velocities are extremely low, in the sub-µm/s to nm/s range.