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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

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Cycling through developmental decisions: how cell cycle dynamics control pluripotency, differentiation and

Abdenour Soufi1, Stephen Dalton2

  • 1Institute of Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK sdalton@uga.edu Abdenour.Soufi@ed.ac.uk.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|December 1, 2016
PubMed
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Cell cycle transitions are critical for cell fate decisions during development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms linking cell cycle progression to cell differentiation and reprogramming is key for developmental biology.

Keywords:
Cell cycleCell fateDifferentiationPluripotencyReprogrammingStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cell cycle progression is intrinsically linked to cell fate determination across various developmental contexts.
  • Cell cycle exit often accompanies terminal differentiation, while cell fate changes can occur during cell division.
  • The molecular underpinnings of these connections, particularly in pluripotent stem cells, are still being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the relationship between the cell cycle and cell fate decisions.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms connecting cell cycle transitions with differentiation and reprogramming.
  • To contextualize these findings within broader developmental scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on cell cycle and cell fate.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on pluripotent stem cells and differentiation.
  • Synthesis of findings to provide a broader developmental context.

Main Results:

  • The transition through mitosis and G1 phase in pluripotent stem cells is a critical window for initiating differentiation.
  • Specific cell cycle phases and transitions are increasingly recognized as regulatory points for cell fate.
  • Progress has been made in identifying molecular players linking cell cycle machinery to fate determination.

Conclusions:

  • The cell cycle plays a pivotal role in regulating cell fate decisions during development.
  • Further research into the molecular mechanisms connecting cell cycle and cell fate holds significant implications for regenerative medicine and developmental studies.
  • Understanding these connections is crucial for deciphering complex developmental processes.