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Related Concept Videos

Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

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As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
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Golgi Apparatus01:09

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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells

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Protein sorting at the ER-Golgi interface.

Natalia Gomez-Navarro1, Elizabeth Miller2

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|December 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details how cells sort proteins using transport vesicles. It explores cargo selection and capture mechanisms within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus for efficient cellular physiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein traffic is essential for cellular function.
  • The secretory pathway utilizes transport vesicles for intracellular movement of proteins and lipids.
  • Protein sorting is a critical process linked to vesicle biogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of cargo sorting in vesicle traffic.
  • To explore mechanisms of cargo protein selection and capture.
  • To focus on protein sorting in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of protein sorting and vesicle traffic.
  • Analysis of cargo adaptor function and regulation.
  • Focus on recent mechanistic discoveries in cellular protein sorting.

Main Results:

  • Vesicle traffic machinery employs diverse mechanisms for cargo selection.
  • Cargo proteins are captured into specific transport vesicles.
  • Adaptor proteins play complex and diverse roles in cargo sorting.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding protein sorting mechanisms is key to cellular physiology.
  • Recent discoveries provide insights into the regulation of cargo adaptors.
  • Efficient protein sorting is fundamental to the secretory pathway.