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Related Concept Videos

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Urea Cycle01:23

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Exploring the Arginine Methylome by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Arginine Metabolism Revisited.

Sidney M Morris1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA smorris@pitt.edu.

The Journal of Nutrition
|December 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian arginine metabolism involves complex enzyme interactions and multiple cellular pools, producing diverse products like nitric oxide and urea. Further research is ongoing to fully understand its physiological and pathophysiological roles.

Keywords:
ADMAGPCRarginaseargininosuccinatehomoargininemTORC1nitric oxide

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Exploring the Arginine Methylome by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Mammalian arginine metabolism is intricate, influenced by numerous enzymes and competing metabolic pathways.
  • Intracellular arginine pools exhibit differential accessibility, complicating metabolic enzyme interactions.
  • Arginine concentration influences cellular metabolism and function through various sensing mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complexities of mammalian arginine metabolism.
  • To highlight the diverse range of arginine metabolic products and their significance.
  • To underscore the ongoing investigation into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of arginine metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on mammalian arginine metabolism.
  • Analysis of enzyme kinetics and substrate utilization in arginine pathways.
  • Examination of cellular arginine pools and their accessibility to metabolic enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Arginine metabolism yields diverse products including nitric oxide, urea, creatine, polyamines, proline, glutamate, agmatine, and homoarginine.
  • Methylated arginines, such as asymmetric dimethylarginine, are released from protein degradation.
  • Arginine concentration acts as a regulator of cellular processes via specific sensors.

Conclusions:

  • Despite extensive knowledge, the complete physiological and pathophysiological roles of all arginine metabolic pathways and their metabolites require further elucidation.
  • Understanding these complexities is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets.
  • Current research continues to uncover novel insights into arginine metabolism.