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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Learning Disabilities01:25

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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Three Developmental Domains01:29

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Human development is typically examined across three main domains: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. These domains represent the significant areas of change and continuity throughout the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood.
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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Neurodevelopmental disorders.

Anita Thapar1, Miriam Cooper1, Michael Rutter2

  • 1Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cathays, Cardiff, UK; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cathays, Cardiff, UK.

The Lancet. Psychiatry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD and autism spectrum disorder can persist throughout life. A flexible clinical approach is crucial, acknowledging the significant overlap and individual differences in these lifelong conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychiatry

Background:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are often recognized in childhood but can persist into adulthood.
  • A conceptual framework is needed to understand the utility of grouping and distinguishing these complex conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the definition and utility of the neurodevelopmental disorder classification.
  • To examine challenges in translating research findings into clinical practice for neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • To advocate for a flexible, lifespan-oriented approach to understanding and managing neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis based on clinical experience and research.
  • Discussion of the heterogeneity and overlap among neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Exploration of the role of social context and trait-based perspectives.

Main Results:

  • Grouping and distinguishing neurodevelopmental disorders are both valuable, with significant overlap necessitating careful consideration.
  • Clinical phenotypes are complex and influenced by social context.
  • Viewing neurodevelopmental disorders as traits offers one perspective, but not the sole approach.

Conclusions:

  • A flexible clinical approach is essential for managing the heterogeneity and overlap characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Research should better align with real-world clinical observations and practices.
  • Understanding neurodevelopmental disorders requires a lifespan perspective that accounts for developmental changes.