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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

92.3K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

8.0K
Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
8.0K
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

14.9K
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

4.5K
Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Recapitulation of an Ion Channel IV Curve Using Frequency Components
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Recapitulation of an Ion Channel IV Curve Using Frequency Components

Published on: February 8, 2011

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Functionalized hydrazide macrocycle ion channels showing pH-sensitive ion selectivities.

Pengyang Xin1, Si Tan1, Yaodong Wang1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China. pyxin27@163.com changpochen@yahoo.com.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|December 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionalized macrocycles form transmembrane channels whose ion selectivity is pH-dependent. This pH-responsive transport behavior is driven by charge distribution changes within the channel structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Macrocyclic compounds are crucial in host-guest chemistry and molecular recognition.
  • Functionalized macrocycles offer tunable properties for various applications.
  • Transmembrane channels are vital for cellular transport and drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the formation of transmembrane channels using functionalized hydrazide macrocycles.
  • To investigate the influence of pH on the ion selectivity of these macrocyclic channels.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind the observed pH-dependent transport behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of functionalized hydrazide macrocycles.
  • Fabrication of artificial transmembrane channels.
  • Electrophysiological measurements to assess ion transport and selectivity.
  • Computational modeling to analyze charge distribution within the channels.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed stable transmembrane channels from functionalized hydrazide macrocycles.
  • Demonstrated significant pH-dependent selectivity for potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
  • Observed distinct ion transport properties at different buffer solution pH values.
  • Correlated the observed selectivity with pH-induced changes in charge distribution within the macrocyclic channels.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized hydrazide macrocycles can self-assemble into functional transmembrane channels.
  • The ion selectivity of these channels is highly sensitive to environmental pH.
  • The pH-responsive behavior offers potential for developing smart ion-selective membranes and sensors.