Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

2.1K
An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
2.1K
Random Error01:04

Random Error

10.0K
Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
10.0K
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

15.7K
Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
15.7K
Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

1.5K
The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
1.5K
Random Variables01:09

Random Variables

18.3K
A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
Uppercase letters such as X or Y denote a random variable. Lowercase letters like x or y denote the value of a random variable. If X is a random variable, then X is written in words, and x is given as a number.
For example, let X = the...
18.3K
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

44.7K
Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
44.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Equivalence of Discrete and Continuous Otto-like Engines Assisted by Catalysts: Mapping Catalytic Advantages from the Discrete to the Continuous Framework.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Iterative construction ofSp×Spgroup-adapted irreducible matrix units for the walled Brauer algebra.

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)·2026
Same author

Optimal and Feasible Contextuality-Based Randomness Generation.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Efficient quantum thermal simulation.

Nature·2025
Same author

Insufficient Logging Intervals Impede Upper Soil Recovery in Temperate Beech Forests: Insights From Two Case-Studies in Poland.

Ecology and evolution·2025
Same author

Quantum information meets high-energy physics: input to the update of the European strategy for particle physics.

European physical journal plus·2025
Same journal

Erratum: Bacterial Turbulence at Compressible Fluid Interfaces [Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 138301 (2026)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Light-Quark Yukawa Flavor Structure via Dihadron Fragmentation at Lepton Colliders.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Adaptable Route to Fast Coherent State Transport via Bang-Bang-Bang Protocols.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Topological Transition and Emergence of Elasticity of Dislocation in Skyrmion Lattice: Beyond Kittel's Magnetic-Polar Analogy.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Pound-Drever-Hall Method for Superconducting-Qubit Readout.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Coupling a ^{73}Ge Nuclear Spin to an Electrostatically Defined Quantum Dot in Silicon.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy
08:25

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy

Published on: April 27, 2021

4.2K

Randomness Amplification under Minimal Fundamental Assumptions on the Devices.

Ravishankar Ramanathan1, Fernando G S L Brandão2,3, Karol Horodecki4

  • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, National Quantum Information Centre, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.

Physical Review Letters
|December 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a device-independent protocol for amplifying randomness from Santha-Vazirani sources using only two non-signaling components. It demonstrates that even partial randomness from Bell inequality violations can be amplified into secure random bits.

More Related Videos

Sealable Femtoliter Chamber Arrays for Cell-free Biology
13:44

Sealable Femtoliter Chamber Arrays for Cell-free Biology

Published on: March 11, 2015

9.9K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy
08:25

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy

Published on: April 27, 2021

4.2K
Sealable Femtoliter Chamber Arrays for Cell-free Biology
13:44

Sealable Femtoliter Chamber Arrays for Cell-free Biology

Published on: March 11, 2015

9.9K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Cryptography
  • Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Existing protocols for randomness amplification often require more than minimal conditions.
  • The practical relevance of amplifying randomness from Santha-Vazirani sources under minimal assumptions was an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a device-independent protocol for randomness amplification using only two non-signaling components.
  • To determine if partial randomness, certified by Bell inequality violations, is sufficient for amplification.
  • To prove the security of the protocol against general non-signaling adversaries.

Main Methods:

  • Device-independent protocol construction using two non-signaling components.
  • Utilizing partial randomness from Bell test violations.
  • Employing a partial tomographic procedure on empirical statistics.
  • Proving composable security against general non-signaling adversaries.

Main Results:

  • A device-independent protocol for randomness amplification of Santha-Vazirani sources is presented.
  • The protocol successfully amplifies any non-fully deterministic source into a fully random source.
  • Constant noise rates are tolerated, and composable security is proven.
  • Demonstrated that partial randomness from Bell tests can be leveraged for amplification.

Conclusions:

  • The minimal conditions for randomness amplification are achieved using two non-signaling components.
  • The protocol offers a practical and secure method for generating cryptographic random bits from weak sources.
  • The findings advance the understanding of device-independent protocols and randomness certification.