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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
307
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

860
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

507
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Identification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Paraffin-Embedded Feline Arterial Thrombi using Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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Update on Feline Ionized Hypercalcemia.

Joao Felipe de Brito Galvão1, Valerie Parker2, Patricia A Schenck3

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The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
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Summary

Idiopathic hypercalcemia is the most common cause of high blood calcium in cats, a condition unique to felines. Accurate diagnosis through various tests allows for tailored treatment plans.

Keywords:
CalcitriolChronic kidney diseaseIdiopathic hypercalcemiaIonized calciumMalignancyParathyroid hormoneTotal calciumVitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Comparative Pathology

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia is increasingly diagnosed in feline patients.
  • Idiopathic hypercalcemia is the predominant cause in cats, presenting as a unique feline syndrome.
  • Other causes of hypercalcemia exist, necessitating a thorough diagnostic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and unique nature of idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats.
  • To outline the diagnostic process for feline hypercalcemia.
  • To emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis for effective treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical signs and physical examination findings.
  • Utilization of diagnostic imaging techniques.
  • Serum biochemistry and urinalysis.
  • Evaluation of calcium metabolic hormones.

Main Results:

  • Idiopathic hypercalcemia identified as the most frequent cause.
  • Recognition of hypercalcemia as a condition with increasing frequency in cats.
  • Diagnostic approach integrates multiple data points for comprehensive evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of hypercalcemia in cats is crucial.
  • Idiopathic hypercalcemia is a distinct feline condition.
  • Personalized treatment strategies are enabled by precise diagnosis.