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Related Concept Videos

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and volume, volume and temperature, and volume and moles, that hold for an ideal gas.
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Wetting Effect on Torricelli's Law.

J Ferrand1, L Favreau1, S Joubaud1

  • 1Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, F-69342 Lyon, France.

Physical Review Letters
|December 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wetting significantly impacts liquid draining speed from a tank. Drainage slows most when the surface is neither fully wet nor dry, with a minimum speed at a 60° wetting angle.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface science
  • Experimental physics

Background:

  • Understanding liquid draining is crucial for various industrial processes.
  • The influence of surface wetting on fluid flow dynamics, especially at small scales, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the effect of surface wetting on the draining speed of a liquid from a tank through a bottom orifice.
  • To explore the relationship between wetting angle and drainage rate in the inertial flow regime.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup involving a tank draining through an orifice.
  • Systematic variation of the bottom plate's surface properties to control wetting.
  • Measurement of liquid flow rates and correlation with static wetting angles.

Main Results:

  • Liquid draining followed Torricelli-like behavior, but wetting significantly altered the speed.
  • Drainage speed exhibited a non-monotonic dependence on the static wetting angle, showing a minimum around 60°.
  • A maximum reduction in flow speed (up to 20%) was observed at this optimal wetting angle.

Conclusions:

  • Surface wetting, specifically the formation of a meniscus at the orifice, plays a critical role in modulating liquid drainage.
  • A simple model accurately predicts the observed non-monotonic variation in drainage speed with wetting angle.
  • These findings offer insights into controlling fluid flow through orifice plates based on surface properties.