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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

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Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
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Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
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Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
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Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

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The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:
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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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A Quick Reference on Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis.

Silvia Funes1, Helio Autran de Morais1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 Southwest 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|December 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic acidosis, characterized by increased strong anions, is classified into hyperchloremic or high anion gap types. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Keywords:
AcidosisAnion gapChlorideHyperchloremia

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Metabolic acidosis is a clinical condition arising from an increased concentration of strong anions.
  • It is broadly categorized into hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis and high anion gap acidosis.
  • Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis specifically involves disturbances in chloride and sodium balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define metabolic acidosis and its primary classifications.
  • To elucidate the specific mechanisms leading to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
  • To outline the clinical approach and treatment strategies for hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on acid-base balance.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for metabolic acidosis subtypes.
  • Synthesis of information on the pathophysiology and clinical management of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic acidosis is defined by elevated strong anion concentration.
  • Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis results from chloride retention, altered sodium-chloride ratios, or excessive chloride gain.
  • Clinical manifestations are secondary to the associated underlying pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the anion gap is crucial for classifying metabolic acidosis.
  • Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis has distinct etiologies related to chloride and sodium dysregulation.
  • Effective treatment necessitates addressing the root cause of the metabolic acidosis.