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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.8K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.8K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.9K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.9K
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.5K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
3.5K
Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

4.8K
Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
4.8K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.6K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

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Coupling 1D modifications and 3D nuclear organization: data, models and function.

Daniel Jost1, Cédric Vaillant2, Peter Meister3

  • 1University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG lab, UMR 5525, Grenoble, F-38706 La Tronche, France.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|January 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advances in molecular methods reveal conserved features of nuclear genome folding into 3D domains. Polymer physics models explain domain formation and self-organization, crucial for maintaining transcriptional programs.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Recent molecular methods have significantly enhanced the analysis of nuclear genome folding.
  • This has uncovered numerous conserved organizational features within the nucleus.
  • These features arrange the linear DNA molecule into three-dimensional (3D) nuclear domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key findings in nuclear genome organization.
  • To explore the role of polymer physics models in understanding domain formation.
  • To discuss the self-organization mechanisms and functional significance of these structures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on molecular methods for genome folding analysis.
  • Application of polymer physics principles to model nuclear domain formation.
  • Analysis of conserved features and self-organization mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identification of conserved structural features in nuclear genome organization.
  • Demonstration of polymer physics models explaining the formation of 3D nuclear domains.
  • Elucidation of self-organization principles governing these structures.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear genome folding is organized into conserved 3D domains.
  • Polymer physics provides insights into the formation and self-organization of these domains.
  • These organized structures are functionally important for maintaining transcriptional programs.