Coupling between intra- and inter-chain orderings in flow-induced crystallization of polyethylene: A non-equilibrium...

Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the molecular mechanism of flow-induced crystallization (FIC) of polyethylene (PE). The end-to-end distance of chain R_ete and the content of trans conformation C_trans are extracted out to represent intra-chain conformation ordering at whole chain and segment levels, respectively, while orientation correlation function P, density ρ, and bond orientational order parameter Q₄ are taken to depict inter-chain orders. Imposing the extension induces the intra-chain conformational ordering to occur first, which further couples with the inter-chain order and results in the formation of hexagonal packing. Further increasing strain leads to the appearance of orthorhombic order. The results demonstrate that the FIC of PE proceeds via a multi-stage ordering process, during which coupling occurs among stress, intra-chain conformation, and inter-chain orientation and density orderings. Analyzing the flow-induced energy evolution unveils that not only entropy but also energy plays an important role in the FIC.