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Updated: Mar 8, 2026

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
Published on: April 19, 2019
C-H imidation: a distinct perspective of C-N bond formation
Raja K Rit1, Majji Shankar1, Akhila K Sahoo1
1School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Prof. C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Telangana 500046, India. akhilchemistry12@gmail.com.
Abstract:
The direct imidation strategy proficiently constructs C-N bonds and creates the useful amine functional group in the molecular template. This review briefly discusses the synthetic methods developed for the direct imidation of unactivated C(sp2/sp3/sp)-H bonds. Transition-metal catalysts, metal-free processes, and/or photo-induced methods are invariably employed for accomplishing C-H imidation transformations. The contents summarized herein would benefit the research community to use the C-H imidation reactions for broad synthetic applications and to unravel novel C-N bond forming processes.
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Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
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Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...