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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....

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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Posttranslational Modifications and Plant-Environment Interaction.

A Hashiguchi¹, S Komatsu²

¹Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.

Methods in Enzymology

|February 1, 2017

Summary

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are vital for plant survival and stress response. This review highlights PTMs in plant-environment interactions, including stress perception and immune defense.

Keywords:

Environment Interaction Plant Posttranslational modifications Proteomics

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Proteomics
Molecular signaling

Background:

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) like phosphorylation and ubiquitination are critical for protein function, affecting stability, localization, and conformation.
PTMs add complexity to genetic information, influencing protein interactions and downstream signaling pathways, thereby modulating cellular outcomes.
Plants, facing harsh environments, rely on continuous physiological adjustments regulated by protein PTMs for survival.

Purpose of the Study:

To review novel insights from PTM-focused proteomic studies across various plant life conditions.
To explore the role of PTMs in mediating plant-environment interactions, encompassing stress perception, protein homeostasis, energy regulation, and immune responses.
To discuss the integration of diverse signals through multiple PTMs on single proteins, highlighting its significance in systems biology approaches.

Main Methods:

Proteomic analysis focusing on posttranslational modifications.
Literature review of studies investigating PTMs in plants under different environmental conditions.
Analysis of signaling pathways regulated by PTMs in response to environmental stimuli.

Main Results:

PTMs are central to how plants perceive and respond to environmental stresses.
Specific PTMs regulate key processes including protein stability, cellular energy balance, and immune system activation in plants.
The integration of multiple PTMs on proteins allows for complex signal processing and cellular responses.

Conclusions:

PTMs are essential regulatory mechanisms for plant adaptation and survival in challenging environments.
Understanding PTMs provides critical insights into plant stress responses and immune functions.
The study of PTMs, particularly signal integration, is a key emerging area in plant systems biology.