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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity02:24

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

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It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Spin-orbit interactions in optically active materials.

Chandroth P Jisha, Alessandro Alberucci

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    Light polarization significantly impacts intensity distribution in rotating anisotropic media. In specific birefringent media, geometric phase vanishes, enabling polarization-selective optical devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Light polarization effects are crucial in anisotropic optical media.
    • Understanding phase interactions (geometric and dynamic) is key for light manipulation.
    • Inhomogeneous rotation of principal axes complicates light propagation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the influence of light polarization on intensity distribution.
    • To analyze phase dynamics in anisotropic media with inhomogeneous principal axis rotation.
    • To explore vanishing geometric phase in circularly birefringent media.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of light propagation in anisotropic media.
    • Investigation of spin-orbit interaction effects on circular polarizations.
    • Mathematical modeling of phase evolution under inhomogeneous rotation.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated vanishing geometric phase in media with inhomogeneous circular birefringence.
    • Revealed reversed spatial distribution of dynamic phase for opposing circular polarizations due to spin-orbit interaction.
    • Established a direct link between polarization state and spatial intensity distribution.

    Conclusions:

    • The study elucidates a unique optical phenomenon in specific anisotropic media.
    • The vanishing geometric phase and polarization-dependent dynamic phase enable novel optical functionalities.
    • Proposed polarization-selective lenses, waveguides, and beam deflectors based on these findings.