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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Discovery of Driver Genes in Colorectal HT29-derived Cancer Stem-Like Tumorspheres
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Epigenetics in cancer stem cells.

Tan Boon Toh1, Jhin Jieh Lim1, Edward Kai-Hua Chow2,3,4

  • 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

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Cancer stem cells drive tumor growth and treatment resistance. Epigenetic deregulation fuels their survival, offering new therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor formation and therapeutic resistance.
  • Epigenomics reveals critical roles of epigenetic regulation in cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how epigenetic pathway deregulation contributes to cancer initiation and tumorigenesis.
  • To discuss the role of epigenetics in the maintenance and survival of CSCs.
  • To explore new therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenomics and cancer stem cell research.
  • Analysis of epigenetic mechanisms in cancer initiation and progression.
  • Examination of clinical and preclinical trials of epigenetic drugs.

Main Results:

  • Deregulation of epigenetic pathways is crucial for cancer initiation and CSC maintenance.
  • Epigenetic modifications impact CSC survival and contribute to therapeutic resistance.
  • Epigenetic modulating drugs show promise in targeting CSCs.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting epigenetic pathways offers a novel strategy for eliminating CSCs.
  • Epigenetic therapies hold potential for improving overall cancer treatment outcomes.
  • Further research into CSC epigenetics can lead to more effective cancer therapies.