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Related Concept Videos

Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Lysosomes01:31

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Patch-Clamp Techniques for Single Endolysosomal Vesicle Analysis
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Moving and positioning the endolysosomal system.

Juan S Bonifacino1, Jacques Neefjes2

  • 1Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|February 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The dynamic endolysosomal system relies on motor proteins and organelle contacts, especially with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), for organized function. Understanding endolysosome movement requires considering the entire endomembrane system, not just isolated organelles.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Motors
  • Endomembrane System Dynamics

Background:

  • The endolysosomal system is crucial for cellular processes but its organization is complex.
  • Organelle positioning and dynamics are primarily driven by microtubule and actin-based motor proteins.
  • Recent findings highlight the role of inter-organelle contacts in regulating motor protein activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate relationship between the endolysosomal system and other organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
  • To emphasize the importance of organelle interactions in controlling endolysosomal transport and organization.
  • To advocate for a holistic approach in studying endolysosome dynamics within the broader endomembrane system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on organelle transport and interactions.
  • Analysis of the roles of kinesin, dynein, and myosin motor proteins.
  • Examination of the influence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts and tethering proteins.

Main Results:

  • Endolysosomal organelle distribution is dependent on motor proteins and their regulation by ER contacts.
  • The ER influences endolysosome concentration, fission, and fusion.
  • Bidirectional interactions exist, where endosomes can affect ER and peroxisome movement.

Conclusions:

  • Endolysosomal dynamics are inseparable from the overall endomembrane system.
  • Inter-organelle contacts, especially with the ER, are critical regulators of endolysosome transport and organization.
  • Future research should integrate the study of endolysosomes with their cellular context.