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This study tested Bell's inequality using cosmic light sources for measurement settings, challenging local-realist theories. The experiment achieved significant violations, pushing back the potential for local-realist influences to 600 years.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Mechanics and Foundations of Physics
  • Experimental Physics
  • Cosmology and Astrophysics

Background:

  • Bell's theorem highlights the conflict between quantum mechanics and local-realist theories, quantified by Bell's inequality.
  • Previous experiments relied on quantum random number generators, leaving open loopholes for undetected causal influences on measurement settings and outcomes.
  • The 'freedom of choice' assumption in Bell tests requires that measurement settings are independent of any factor that could influence outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test Bell's inequality using a novel 'cosmic setting generator' approach.
  • To close the 'freedom of choice' loophole by using distant astronomical sources for measurement setting selection.
  • To investigate the validity of quantum mechanics predictions against local-realist explanations with enhanced experimental rigor.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized polarization-entangled photons in real-time observations of Milky Way stars to generate measurement settings.
  • Ensured spacelike separation between entangled particle creation and the selection of cosmic measurement settings.
  • Assumed fair sampling for detected photons and that stellar photon color was determined at emission.

Main Results:

  • Observed statistically significant violations of Bell's inequality, exceeding 7.31σ and 11.93σ.
  • Calculated extremely low p-values (≲1.8×10⁻¹³ and ≲4.0×10⁻³³), indicating high confidence in the results.
  • Extended the time constraint for potential local-realist influences to approximately 600 years prior to the experiment.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment provides strong evidence against local-realist theories, supporting the predictions of quantum mechanics.
  • The use of cosmic sources effectively closes the 'freedom of choice' loophole in Bell tests.
  • This work significantly advances the experimental verification of quantum non-locality and its implications for fundamental physics.