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Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 6, 2026

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

Published on: February 11, 2022

Congenital Symmastia: A 3-Step Approach.

Mohamed Saad Sadaka¹, Atef A Allam¹

¹Faculty of Medicine and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open

|March 16, 2017

Summary

Congenital symmastia, a rare breast anomaly, can be effectively treated with a three-step approach. This method, involving liposuction, skin fixation, and compression, successfully creates normal breast cleavage.

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Congenital Anomalies
Surgical Techniques

Background:

Congenital symmastia is a rare medical anomaly characterized by the unilateral or bilateral absence of the inframammary fold, resulting in the medial confluence of the breasts.
Limited case reports exist for congenital symmastia, and there is no established standard treatment protocol.
This condition presents unique challenges in surgical correction due to the absence of a defined intermammary sulcus.

Observation:

A case of congenital symmastia was presented for surgical correction.
The patient exhibited a complete medial confluence of the breasts without a distinct inframammary fold.
The primary goal was to achieve separation and normal cleavage between the breasts.

Findings:

A novel three-step surgical technique was employed for correction.

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The procedure included liposuction to reduce breast volume, fixation of the skin to the chest wall in the inframammary area, and postoperative intermammary compression.

The treatment resulted in a successful aesthetic outcome with the creation of normal breast cleavage.

Implications:

This three-step approach offers a viable and effective solution for congenital symmastia.
The described technique may serve as a potential standard of care for this rare condition.
Further studies and case reports are warranted to validate the long-term efficacy and reproducibility of this treatment.