Immunological implications of bovine leukemia virus infection

This study examined neutrophil and monocyte functions and the blood lymphocyte profile of naturally BLV-infected cows with or without persistent lymphocytosis (PL). The percentage of neutrophils and monocytes that phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus was lower in BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL. The relative percentage of CD44⁺ monocytes and neutrophils and CD11b expression by neutrophils was also lower in BLV-infected dairy cows with PL. A correlation between the percentage of CD11b⁺ neutrophils and that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found. Furthermore, the percentage of CD44⁺ monocytes was positively correlated with the percentage of monocytes that phagocytosed S. aureus and the same phenomenon was observed for neutrophils. In BLV-infected dairy cows, particularly those with PL, inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil apoptosis was observed. Additionally, the percentage of neutrophils producing ROS was lower in BLV-infected cows with PL, in contrast to higher intensity of intracellular production of ROS by monocytes. The result from the lymphocyte immunophenotyping of BLV-infected cows with PL was an increase in B cells, mainly B CD5⁺ CD11b⁺, due to the apoptosis inhibition. In conclusion, this study provides novel insight into the implications of BLV infection for cattle, which can include the dysfunction of blood monocytes and neutrophils.