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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Surface Tension and Surface Energy01:16

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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces
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Moisture-Responsive Wrinkling Surfaces with Tunable Dynamics.

Songshan Zeng1, Rui Li2, Stephan G Freire1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created three novel moisture-responsive wrinkle dynamics in a single film-substrate system. This breakthrough enables new optical devices and enhances understanding of skin wrinkling.

Keywords:
moisture-responsive dynamicspolydimethylsiloxanepolyvinyl alcoholsoft matter

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Human skin wrinkle dynamics are influenced by external stimuli and intrinsic mechanical properties.
  • Tunable wrinkle responses in biological systems inspire synthetic material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve three distinct moisture-responsive wrinkle dynamics within a single film-substrate system.
  • To explore the potential of these dynamics for novel optical device applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single film-substrate system with controlled stiffness and thickness ratios.
  • Tailoring the film's crosslink degree and gradient to modulate moisture-dependent modulus and swelling.
  • Characterization of reversible and irreversible wrinkle formation dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of three types of moisture-responsive wrinkle dynamics: completely reversible, irreversible I (erasable), and irreversible II (non-erasable).
  • Correlation of wrinkle behavior with film-substrate properties and crosslinking.
  • Successful development of moisture-triggered optical devices, including anticounterfeit tabs and water indicators.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully engineered unique moisture-responsive wrinkle dynamics in a versatile film-substrate system.
  • The findings offer new avenues for designing smart optical devices and understanding biological wrinkling.
  • Precise control over material properties is key to achieving tunable wrinkle dynamics.