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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development
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Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

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Reconstructing the ancestral vertebrate brain.

Fumiaki Sugahara1,2, Yasunori Murakami3, Juan Pascual-Anaya2

  • 1Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan.

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|April 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The evolution of the vertebrate brain

Keywords:
cerebellumcyclostomeshagfishlampreytelencephalon

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The origin and early evolution of vertebrate brains are poorly understood due to limited data on jawless vertebrates (agnathans).
  • Comparative studies of cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfish) and jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) are crucial for reconstructing ancestral brain architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on lamprey and hagfish brain development.
  • To reconstruct the brain architecture of the last common ancestor of vertebrates.
  • To discuss modifications in vertebrate brain development across lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of brain development in lampreys and hagfish.
  • Review of existing developmental studies on cyclostomes and gnathostomes.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies reveal the presence of brain compartments (medial ganglionic eminence, rhombic lip) in hagfish embryos, previously thought to be absent in cyclostomes.
  • These findings suggest that these brain regions evolved before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes.
  • A more complex ancestral vertebrate brain state is proposed, accounting for derived traits in separate lineages.

Conclusions:

  • The ancestral vertebrate brain was likely more complex than previously assumed based on lamprey data alone.
  • Brain developmental plans have been independently modified in various vertebrate lineages.
  • Understanding hagfish and lamprey brain development is key to deciphering vertebrate brain evolution.