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Transverse gradient in Apple-type undulators.
M Calvi1, C Camenzuli2, E Prat1
1Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|April 29, 2017
Summary
Apple-type undulators, crucial for variable polarized soft X-ray light, can also generate transverse gradients. This study introduces a framework to evaluate these gradients for advanced light source applications.
Area of Science:
- Physics
- Optics
- Accelerator Physics
Background:
- Apple-type undulators are leading devices for generating variable polarized light in the soft X-ray spectrum.
- New light sources aim to enhance performance using transverse gradient undulators.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate that Apple undulators can produce variable transverse gradients in addition to polarized light.
- To develop a theoretical framework for evaluating the K-value and its transverse gradient in Apple undulators.
Main Methods:
- Development of a general theoretical framework.
- Calculation of K-value and transverse gradient formulas for various Apple undulator types and operational modes.
- Critical discussion of the derived formulas.
Main Results:
- Apple undulators can generate variable transverse gradients under specific conditions.
- Formulas for K-value and transverse gradient are derived for regular operational modes.
- Analysis includes Delta-type and Apple X undulator designs.
Conclusions:
- Apple undulators offer enhanced flexibility beyond polarized light generation.
- The theoretical framework provides a tool for optimizing undulator designs for next-generation light sources.
- Findings are relevant for synchrotron and free-electron laser facilities seeking advanced light manipulation capabilities.
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