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Related Concept Videos

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding03:00

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

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The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
The...
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IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching01:22

IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching

1.5K
Both alkyne (C≡C) and nitrile (C≡N) functional groups contain triple bonds and show stretching absorptions around the wavenumber range of 2100 to 2300 cm−1 in the diagnostic region of the IR spectra.
Comparing the stretching vibrational frequency of  C≡C triple bonds with that of double and single bonds, it is evident that C≡C triple bonds exhibit a higher stretching frequency than C=C double and C–C single bonds. Similarly, the C≡N triple bond...
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IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching01:29

IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching

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Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond...
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Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Molecular stretching modulates mechanosensing pathways.

Xian Hu1,2, Felix Martin Margadant1, Mingxi Yao1

  • 1Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society
|May 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cells use mechanical forces to shape organisms. Protein unfolding and dynamics are key to sensing these forces, enabling cellular functions and tissue development.

Keywords:
bioimagingdSTORMlocalization microscopymechanobiologymechanoenzymaticsmechanosensingmolecular forcesprotein stretchingsingle molecule

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Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch
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Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular mechanics and mechanobiology
  • Molecular biophysics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cellular microenvironments provide critical physical cues for tissue development.
  • Mechanisms of protein force sensing and cellular geometry remain incompletely understood.
  • Protein unfolding is a significant factor in force and displacement sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on cytoskeletal and adhesion protein dynamics.
  • To explore how protein domain dynamics contribute to mechanosensing.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cell and tissue shape changes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein domain dynamics under physiological forces.
  • Investigation of single molecule mechanics using advanced imaging techniques.
  • Study of cytoskeletal and adhesion proteins, including titin and talin.

Main Results:

  • Applied forces modulate protein activity, interactions, and substrate binding.
  • Protein unfolding and catch-bond formation are crucial for force sensing.
  • Stretch-relaxation cycles in proteins generate essential mechanosensing signals.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular mechanosensing at the nanometer level is vital for morphogenic movements.
  • Understanding protein dynamics under force is key to deciphering biological form.
  • New imaging methods facilitate the study of single molecule mechanics in vivo.