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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Artificial Nonlinearity Generated from Electromagnetic Coupling Metamolecule.

Yongzheng Wen1, Ji Zhou1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel artificial optical nonlinearity using metamaterials. This metamolecule design offers unique control over nonlinear electromagnetic responses for advanced optics applications.

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Area of Science:

  • * Physics, Materials Science, Optics

Background:

  • * Optical nonlinearity is crucial for many photonic applications.
  • * Existing nonlinear materials often have limitations in tunability and efficiency.
  • * Metamaterials offer a promising platform for designing artificial electromagnetic responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To propose and demonstrate a purely artificial mechanism for optical nonlinearity.
  • * To explore the use of metamolecules for generating nonlinear electromagnetic responses.
  • * To showcase the design freedom offered by metamaterial geometry.

Main Methods:

  • * Theoretical modeling based on classical electromagnetic interactions within a metamolecule.
  • * Numerical simulations to demonstrate the proposed nonlinear mechanism.
  • * Design of a metamolecule comprising nested cut-wire and split-ring meta-atoms.

Main Results:

  • * An anharmonic oscillation of free electrons was induced by localized magnetic fields.
  • * A second-order nonlinear electromagnetic response was explicitly described and simulated.
  • * The artificial nonlinearity was shown to be dominated by metamolecule geometry.

Conclusions:

  • * A novel, geometry-dominated artificial optical nonlinearity mechanism was successfully proposed.
  • * This metamaterial-based approach provides unprecedented design freedom for nonlinear optics.
  • * The findings open new avenues for research and applications in nonlinear optics.