Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

11.8K
The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
11.8K
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

2.2K
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
2.2K
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

11.0K
The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
11.0K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

68.6K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
68.6K
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

46.7K
Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
46.7K
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

3.6K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

KNDy kisspeptin is required for metabolic homeostasis in female mice in an ovarian hormone-independent manner.

Journal of neuroendocrinology·2026
Same author

Kisspeptin made in the preoptic area is required for normal estradiol-induced LH surges and optimal fertility in females.

Endocrinology·2026
Same author

Four Consecutive False Negative Newborn Screens in a Patient with Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Case Report

Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology·2026
Same author

Editorial: Insights in pediatric endocrinology: 2024.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2025
Same author

Corrigendum: Biomarkers of GH deficiency identified in untreated and GH-treated Pit-1 mutant mice.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2025
Same author

Editorial.

Current opinion in pediatrics·2025
Same journal

Navigating Adrenal Disease: A Comprehensive, Practical Guide for the Clinician.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Adrenal Disorders in Pregnancy.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Diagnosis and Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Hereditary Conditions Associated with Adrenocortical Carcinoma, Pheochromocytoma, and Other Adrenal Tumors: Genetic Testing and Management Recommendations.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

4.7K

Pituitary Hypoplasia.

Mariam Gangat1, Sally Radovick2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 89 French Street, Room 1360, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|May 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details pituitary development and function, focusing on genetic mutations in key transcription factors like HESX1 and POU1F1. Understanding these genetic defects is crucial for diagnosing and managing hypopituitarism in clinical practice.

Keywords:
Combined pituitary hormone deficiencyHypopituitarismPituitary developmentTranscription factor

More Related Videos

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

19.9K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
09:48

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology

Published on: February 25, 2022

4.7K
Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

19.9K
Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
02:22

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Published on: April 12, 2024

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The pituitary gland regulates essential bodily functions through hormone secretion.
  • Hypopituitarism, or reduced pituitary function, can result from various genetic defects.
  • Transcription factors play a critical role in pituitary development and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize pituitary development and function.
  • To review specific gene mutations affecting key transcription factors involved in pituitary development.
  • To highlight the clinical relevance of these genetic defects in hypopituitarism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on pituitary development and function.
  • Focus on mutations in HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, POU1F1, PROP1, and OTX2 genes.
  • Analysis of clinical characterization and molecular mechanisms of affected patients.

Main Results:

  • Detailed summary of pituitary development and function.
  • Identification and description of mutations in six key transcription factor genes.
  • Established correlation between specific mutations, molecular mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism.

Conclusions:

  • Mutations in HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, POU1F1, PROP1, and OTX2 are significant causes of hypopituitarism.
  • Understanding these genetic defects is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective patient management.
  • These transcription factors are critical for normal pituitary development and function.