Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
Published on: February 6, 2020
Biosynthesis of Oligopeptides Using ATP-Grasp Enzymes
Yasushi Ogasawara1, Tohru Dairi1
1Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.
Abstract:
Peptides are biologically occurring oligomers of amino acids linked by amide bonds and are indispensable for all living organisms. Many bioactive peptides are used as antibiotics, antivirus agents, insecticides, pheromones, and food preservatives. Nature employs several different strategies to form amide bonds. ATP-grasp enzymes that catalyze amide bond formation (ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligases) utilize a strategy of activating carboxylic acid as an acylphosphate intermediate to form amide bonds and are involved in many different biological processes in both primary and secondary metabolisms. The recent discovery of several new ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligases has expanded the diversity of this group of enzymes and showed their usefulness for generating oligopeptides. In this review, an overview of findings on amide bond formation catalyzed by ATP-grasp enzymes in the past decade is presented.
Related Concept Videos
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
The Proteasome Structure
The proteasome is an...
The Proteasome
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
The Proteasome
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism

