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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

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Combination Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes.

Robert N Bone^1,2, Carmella Evans-Molina^3,4,5,6,7,8

¹Department of Medicine, Indiana School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.

Current Diabetes Reports

|May 24, 2017

Summary

Combination immunotherapies show mixed results for type 1 diabetes (T1D). While some trials improve insulin secretion, long-term glycemic control and insulin independence remain challenging, requiring new strategies.

Keywords:

Clinical trials Immune modulation Neo-antigen Tolerance restoration Type 1 diabetes

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A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

Published on: July 5, 2022

Area of Science:

Immunology
Endocrinology
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition characterized by pancreatic beta-cell destruction.
Immunotherapies for T1D have evolved since the 1980s, targeting immune tolerance, cell inhibition, and immune system regulation.
Current strategies include T cell/B cell inhibition, regulatory T cell (Treg) induction, innate immunity suppression, immune reset, and islet transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review single immunotherapy trials and their outcomes in T1D.
To describe current and ongoing combination immunotherapy trials for T1D.
To offer perspectives on future combination therapies for preserving insulin secretion in T1D.

Main Methods:

Review of single immunotherapy trials in T1D.
Analysis of recent and ongoing combination immunotherapy clinical trials.
Synthesis of findings to inform future therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

Combination immunotherapies have yielded inconsistent results in short-term glycemic control and insulin secretion in recent-onset T1D.
A limited number of studies achieved primary endpoints related to improved insulin secretion.
Long-term glycemic control and insulin independence remain significant challenges.

Conclusions:

Future T1D interventions must integrate immunomodulation with strategies to reduce beta-cell stress.
Addressing the antigens that drive autoimmune responses is crucial for long-term T1D management.
Combination therapies need refinement to achieve sustained insulin independence and improved glycemic control.