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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Pleiotropy01:33

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
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Pax2: A "Keep to the Path" Sign on Waddington's Epigenetic Landscape.

Jamie Davies1

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK.

Developmental Cell
|May 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Kidney development involves distinct stem cell populations. A new study shows that the gene Pax2 normally prevents nephrogenic stem cells from becoming stromogenic stem cells.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell research
  • Renal development

Background:

  • Developing kidneys contain Foxd1+ stromogenic stem cells and Six2+, Pax2+ nephrogenic stem cells.
  • Understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing stem cell fate in kidney development is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Pax2 in regulating the transition between nephrogenic and stromogenic stem cell lineages in developing kidneys.
  • To determine if Pax2 acts as a repressor of the stromogenic pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Targeted deletion of the Pax2 gene in nephrogenic stem cells.
  • Analysis of cell fate changes and lineage markers in the developing kidney.

Main Results:

  • Targeted deletion of Pax2 in nephrogenic stem cells resulted in their conversion to the stromogenic cell path.

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  • This suggests that Pax2 normally represses a default transition to the stromogenic lineage.

    • Conclusions:

    • Pax2 plays a critical role in maintaining the identity of nephrogenic stem cells.
    • The study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism controlling sister lineage transitions during kidney development.