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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

60.8K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Dynamic response to initial stage blindness in visual system development.

Erping Long1, Xiayin Zhang1, Zhenzhen Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.

Clinical Science (London, England : 1979)
|May 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant vision development shows significant plasticity. Early-life blindness followed by cataract removal reveals the retina

Keywords:
Visual system developmentcritical periodplasticityretina malleability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Visual experience is crucial for developing a mature visual system.
  • The visual system exhibits plasticity, especially during sensitive periods of development.
  • Understanding environmental influences on visual development is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the malleability of the developing retina in human infants.
  • To explore the role of environmental factors in visual system development and plasticity.
  • To examine the impact of early-stage blindness and subsequent cataract removal on visual development.

Main Methods:

  • Studied human infants with congenital bilateral cataracts causing early blindness (2-8 months).
  • Measured retinal thickness (RT), axial length (AL), refractive status, and visual grating acuity.
  • Recorded data preoperatively, at surgery, and during follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Retinal development was found to be malleable and influenced by environmental input.
  • The retina plays a critical role in experience-dependent visual system development.
  • Retinal malleability may contribute to sensitive period plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Early visual experience significantly shapes retinal development.
  • The retina is a key player in the experience-dependent development of the visual system.
  • Findings support the concept of sensitive periods and plasticity in visual development.