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    Scientific research is crucial for detecting doping and ensuring fair competition. Advances in detection methods and cost-effective strategies are vital, despite funding challenges.

    Area of Science:

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    Background:

    • Athlete compliance with anti-doping rules hinges on detection certainty.
    • Scientific research is essential for maintaining clean sports and advancing detection capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

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    Main Methods:

    • Review of current and emerging anti-doping detection techniques.
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    • Examination of cost-effective sampling methods and data acquisition challenges.

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    • Incremental advances in detecting prohibited substances and long-lived metabolites extend detection windows.
    • Athlete Biological Passport modules require further research for improved sensitivity and specificity.
    • Biomarker and transcriptomic strategies, alongside novel sampling methods (dried spots, oral fluid, breath), show promise.

    Conclusions:

    • Continued research is vital for improving anti-doping detection sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness.
    • Addressing funding challenges and data acquisition for new substances are critical for future anti-doping research.
    • Scientific advancements are indispensable for supporting clean competition and athlete rule compliance.