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Gene and Cell Doping: The New Frontier - Beyond Myth or Reality.

Elmo W I Neuberger, Perikles Simon

    Medicine and Sport Science
    |June 5, 2017
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    Summary

    Gene doping, or gene transfer for performance enhancement, is currently unattractive compared to traditional doping. Advances in gene therapy and detection methods are evolving, necessitating ongoing vigilance.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Gene Therapy
    • Sports Science

    Background:

    • Gene transfer technologies raise concerns about misuse for athletic performance enhancement.
    • Gene therapy has progressed slowly, with limited clinical benefits demonstrated to date.
    • Emerging technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 offer new possibilities for genome editing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To define and demystify 'gene doping'.
    • To discuss current gene- and cell-based physical enhancement strategies.
    • To review technological progress, clinical advancements, and difficulties in gene therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of gene transfer technologies, including viral vectors and small interfering RNA.
    • Discussion of CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted genome editing.

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  • Comparison of current gene therapy with conventional doping practices.
  • Overview of existing detection strategies for genetic manipulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Current gene therapy technologies are unattractive for doping and unlikely to outperform conventional doping.
    • Viral vector-mediated gene transfer shows initial success in clinical trials.
    • Small interfering RNA offers gene silencing therapy but has safety concerns.
    • CRISPR/Cas9 enables efficient and targeted genome editing.
    • Many forms of genetic manipulation are already detectable in principle.

    Conclusions:

    • Gene doping is not currently a significant threat due to technological limitations.
    • Future advancements may increase the attractiveness and detectability of gene doping.
    • Ongoing development of detection strategies is crucial for maintaining fair play in sports.