Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Correlation01:09

Correlation

15.4K
In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
15.4K
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

12.6K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
12.6K
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

43.5K
Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
43.5K
Outliers and Influential Points01:08

Outliers and Influential Points

6.5K
An outlier is an observation of data that does not fit the rest of the data. It is sometimes called an extreme value. When you graph an outlier, it will appear not to fit the pattern of the graph. Some outliers are due to mistakes (for example, writing down 50 instead of 500), while others may indicate that something unusual is happening. Outliers are present far from the least squares line in the vertical direction. They have large "errors," where the "error" or residual is the...
6.5K
Correlations02:20

Correlations

36.7K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
36.7K
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

8.3K
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
8.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Regional public goods and international organizations.

The review of international organizations·2024
Same author

INTERPOL's Surveillance Network in Curbing Transnational Terrorism.

Journal of policy analysis and management : [the journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management]·2019
Same author

What Crisis? Management Researchers' Experiences with and Views of Scholarly Misconduct.

Science and engineering ethics·2019
Same author

International Peacekeeping Operations: Burden Sharing and Effectiveness.

The Journal of conflict resolution·2017
Same author

Gender Imbalance and Terrorism in Developing Countries.

The Journal of conflict resolution·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.9K

The Changing Nonlinear Relationship between Income and Terrorism.

Walter Enders1, Gary A Hoover1, Todd Sandler2

  • 1Department of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.

The Journal of Conflict Resolution
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Terrorism concentration in middle-income countries suggests a nonlinear relationship with economic growth. This concentration shifted to lower-income nations with the rise of religious and nationalist terrorism post-1990.

Keywords:
Lorenz curvesdomestic and transnational terrorismsmooth transition regressionsterrorism and poverty

More Related Videos

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
07:21

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.7K
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.9K
Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury
07:21

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: May 27, 2022

3.7K
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.3K

Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Political Science
  • Criminology

Background:

  • The relationship between economic development and terrorism is complex and debated.
  • Previous studies often assumed a linear or simple quadratic link between income and terrorism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nonlinear relationship between real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and terrorism.
  • To analyze how this relationship has evolved, particularly with the rise of specific terrorist ideologies.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a terrorism Lorenz curve to visualize income concentration.
  • Application of nonlinear smooth transition regressions.
  • Analysis of eight distinct terrorism samples, considering venue, perpetrator nationality, type, and time period.

Main Results:

  • Both domestic and transnational terrorism show concentration in middle-income countries, indicating a nonlinear income-terrorism relationship.
  • This concentration point shifted towards lower-income countries after the early 1990s, coinciding with the rise of religious fundamentalist and nationalist/separatist terrorism.
  • Nonlinear regression estimates significantly outperform linear or quadratic models.

Conclusions:

  • Economic factors influence terrorism in a nonlinear manner.
  • The evolving nature of terrorism, particularly ideological shifts, has altered its relationship with national income levels.
  • Policy interventions should consider the nuanced, nonlinear impact of economic development on terrorism.