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Related Concept Videos

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion01:09

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion

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Intravenous (IV) infusion is often utilized when continuous and controlled drug delivery is necessary, such as during surgery or in the treatment of chronic diseases. This method offers numerous advantages, including immediate drug action, precise control over dosage, and bypassing the first-pass metabolism.
The one-compartment model for IV infusion uses mathematical equations to describe the rate of change in drug quantity in the body. At steady-state or infusion equilibrium, the drug input...
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Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
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IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy01:30

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, also known as CRRT, is a procedural treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) that gradually removes uremic toxins and fluids while maintaining acid-base balance and stabilizing electrolytes. It is particularly useful for hemodynamically unstable patients. Unlike intermittent hemodialysis, which is faster, CRRT provides a gentler approach over 24 hours, closely mimicking the function of natural kidneys. However, CRRT is not ideal for patients with...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

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A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
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Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

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Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
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Autotransfusion Cell-Saver and Plasma Saver.

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Related Experiment Video

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An Open-Source Normothermic Perfusion System Designed for Research Scientists
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The Rapid Infusion System.

Roy L Tawes1, Thomas B DuVall1

  • 1Peninsula Hospital Medical Center, Burlingame, California.

Surgical Technology International
|June 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Severe bleeding causes shock, leading to acidosis and hypothermia. Even with transfusions, these conditions worsen bleeding and clotting, increasing patient mortality.

Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Trauma care
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Hemorrhage is a leading cause of traumatic death.
  • Hemorrhagic shock can lead to a complex triad of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.
  • Despite aggressive fluid resuscitation and blood transfusions, mortality remains high in patients with severe bleeding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the persistent coagulopathy in acidotic and hypothermic patients undergoing massive transfusions.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to poor outcomes in hemorrhagic shock.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data from trauma patients.
  • Analysis of physiological parameters including temperature, pH, and coagulation status.
  • Correlation of transfusion volumes with clinical outcomes.

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Main Results:

  • Acidosis and hypothermia are significant independent predictors of coagulopathy.
  • Adequate volume replacement does not fully correct coagulopathy in the presence of these physiological derangements.
  • Patients with persistent acidosis and hypothermia exhibit increased bleeding and higher mortality rates.

Conclusions:

  • The triad of acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy presents a critical challenge in managing severe hemorrhage.
  • Addressing these physiological derangements is crucial for improving outcomes in trauma patients.
  • Further research into targeted therapies for reversing hypothermia and acidosis in hemorrhagic shock is warranted.