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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy DHM
Published on: November 1, 2017
Replacing a Century Old Technique - Modern Spectroscopy Can Supplant Gram Staining
Shirly Berezin1,2, Yaron Aviv3, Hagit Aviv1,4
1Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Abstract:
Rapid and accurate Gram differentiation is paramount as the first step of pathogen identification and antibiotics administration. However, the current method requires additional reagents, is time-consuming, and is operator dependent. Here we show the principle of tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can differentiate between Gram negative and positive species, by detecting the changes in tip-enhancement in the Raman scattering from the bacteria's lipid-bilayer membrane, which specifically enhances Gram negative bacteria.
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