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tRNA structure and evolution and standardization to the three nucleotide genetic code.

Daewoo Pak1, Robert Root-Bernstein2, Zachary F Burton3

  • 1a Center for Statistical Training and Consulting , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA.

Transcription
|June 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cloverleaf transfer RNA (tRNA) likely evolved from ligated minihelices, with ancient repeat sequences forming its core. This structure was crucial for the 3-nucleotide genetic code and early molecular evolution.

Keywords:
D loopT loopT-loopsU-turnacceptor stemsanticodon loopevolution of tRNAgenesis of the 3 nucleotide codelast universal common cellular ancestorrepeat sequencestRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • RNA Structure and Function

Background:

  • The cloverleaf structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) is fundamental to its role in protein synthesis.
  • Previous models of tRNA evolution have treated its distinct loops, such as the anticodon and T loops, as separate entities.
  • Understanding the evolutionary origins of tRNA's conserved structure is key to deciphering early molecular evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and statistically support a model for the evolution of the 75-nucleotide (nt) core of cloverleaf tRNA.
  • To investigate the structural and evolutionary relationship between the tRNA anticodon loop and T loop.
  • To identify ancient sequence repeats within the tRNA core and their functional implications.

Main Methods:

  • Statistical analysis of a proposed evolutionary model involving minihelix ligation and deletions.
  • Comparative structural analysis of tRNA anticodon and T loops, focusing on U-turn motifs.
  • Bioinformatic identification and analysis of ancient repeat sequences within the tRNA core.

Main Results:

  • Statistical evidence supports a model where tRNA evolved from three ligated minihelices with subsequent deletions.
  • The anticodon and T loops, while homologous, exhibit distinct U-turn conformations due to specific base interactions and loop lengths.
  • Ancient repeat sequences (GCG, UAGCC, CCGGGUUCAAAACCCGG) totaling 75 nt constitute the tRNA cloverleaf core.
  • A 7-nt anticodon loop with a specific U-turn is necessary for a stable 3-nt anticodon.

Conclusions:

  • Cloverleaf tRNA represents a significant evolutionary innovation, essential for the development of the 3-nt genetic code.
  • The conserved GCG and UAGCC repeats place tRNA at a critical juncture between RNA repeats and the emergence of functional biomolecules.
  • Cloverleaf tRNA likely served as the foundational molecular structure for the evolution of translation systems.