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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...

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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

RAS-positive thyroid nodules.

Trevor E Angell¹

¹Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, The Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity

|June 23, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

RAS mutations in thyroid nodules can be found in both benign and malignant lesions. RAS-positive nodules with benign cytology often show an indolent course, suggesting they are not always indicative of cancer.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

Thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology pose diagnostic challenges.
Oncogene testing, including for rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) mutations, is increasingly used for risk stratification.
RAS mutations have historically been associated with oncogenesis, but their presence in thyroid nodules is complex.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the uncertainties in managing RAS-positive thyroid nodules.
To clarify the clinical significance of RAS mutations in thyroid nodules.
To assess the implications of RAS mutations for thyroid nodule diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on RAS mutations in thyroid nodules.
Analysis of diagnostic and prognostic implications of RAS testing.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes for RAS-positive thyroid nodules.

Main Results:

RAS-positive thyroid nodules frequently present with indeterminate cytology.
RAS mutations are detected in both benign and malignant thyroid lesions.
Long-term follow-up of RAS-positive nodules with benign cytology indicates an indolent behavior, not typically leading to malignant transformation.
Many lesions previously classified as follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with RAS mutations are now reclassified as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, signifying a less aggressive nature.

Conclusions:

A RAS-positive diagnosis for a thyroid nodule does not automatically equate to malignancy.
The clinical and surgical management strategies for RAS-positive thyroid nodules require further refinement.
RAS testing aids in risk assessment but necessitates careful interpretation in the context of overall nodule characteristics.