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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma
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Keytruda Crosses First-Line Finish Line First.

Thomas Reinke

    Managed Care (Langhorne, Pa.)
    |June 30, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Merck

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Immunotherapy
    • Biomarker Research

    Background:

    • Cancer treatment decisions increasingly rely on biomarkers like PD-L1.
    • Checkpoint inhibitors represent a significant advancement in cancer therapy.
    • Tumor cell molecular differences guide personalized treatment strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the growing importance of the PD-L1 biomarker in cancer treatment.
    • To address the challenges associated with accurate PD-L1 testing.
    • To emphasize the impact of molecular profiling on therapeutic choices.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of current trends in cancer treatment decision-making.
    • Review of PD-L1 testing methodologies and their limitations.
    • Examination of tumor heterogeneity in relation to biomarker expression.

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    Main Results:

    • The approval of Merck's checkpoint inhibitor underscores the significance of PD-L1.
    • PD-L1 testing presents challenges due to variability in tumor samples.
    • Inconsistent test results can arise from regional differences in PD-L1 cell concentration.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate and reliable PD-L1 testing is crucial for effective cancer immunotherapy.
    • Understanding tumor heterogeneity is essential for interpreting biomarker test results.
    • Further research is needed to standardize PD-L1 assays and improve treatment selection.