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Related Concept Videos

Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies00:51

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species reproduce only once in their lifetime, often investing most available resources into that single reproductive event. Iteroparous species, by contrast, reproduce multiple times over their lifetimes, typically allocating fewer resources to any single...
Conservation of Energy: Application01:12

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy conservation, we study more than one body at the same time. Second, identify all forces acting on the object and determine whether each force doing work is conservative. If a non-conservative force (e.g., friction) is doing work, then mechanical energy is not conserved. The system must then be analyzed with non-conservative work. Third, for...
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
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Conservation of AC Power01:15

Conservation of AC Power

The principle of power preservation is applicable to both ac and dc circuits. This principle, when applied to AC power, asserts that the complex, real, and reactive powers produced by the source are equal to the total complex, real, and reactive powers absorbed by the loads. When two load impedances are connected in parallel to an ac source V, the complex power provided by the source can be calculated using the relation
Applications of Integration to Find Consumer Surplus01:29

Applications of Integration to Find Consumer Surplus

In microeconomics, consumer surplus represents the economic gain that consumers experience when they purchase a good or service for less than the highest price they are willing to pay. This surplus arises from the characteristics of the demand function, which links the quantity of a good to the price consumers are willing to pay. As the quantity of a good increases, the price that consumers are willing to pay for each additional unit typically decreases, resulting in a downward-sloping demand...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus
08:41

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Published on: December 5, 2016

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Show Us (the U.S.) the Savings.

Thomas Reinke

    Managed Care (Langhorne, Pa.)
    |March 19, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Originator biologic companies use legal tactics, primarily patent litigation, to delay biosimilar competition and protect revenue. This strategy aims to maintain market exclusivity for their high-value products.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical industry
    • Intellectual property law
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Originator biologic companies face competition from biosimilars.
    • Biosimilars offer lower-cost alternatives to biologic medications.
    • Protecting revenue streams is a key business objective for pharmaceutical companies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the strategies employed by originator biologic companies to prevent biosimilar market entry.
    • To identify the primary legal and regulatory tactics used to defend existing market share.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of legal filings and patent assertions related to biologic medications.
    • Review of regulatory pathways for biosimilar approval and market access.
    • Examination of business strategies in the pharmaceutical sector.
    Keywords:
    Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals

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    Main Results:

    • Originator companies frequently utilize patent litigation to challenge biosimilar applications.
    • Legal actions are a common method to delay or block biosimilar market entry.
    • Patent assertion is a prevalent tactic in defending originator biologic revenue.

    Conclusions:

    • Legal and regulatory strategies, particularly patent assertion, are key to originator biologic companies' efforts to maintain market exclusivity.
    • The use of legal challenges significantly impacts the accessibility and cost of biologic therapies.
    • Further research is needed to understand the long-term economic and therapeutic consequences of these strategies.