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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Overview
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Cold urticaria.

R Y Lin, C K Janniger, R A Schwartz

    American Family Physician
    |February 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cold urticaria, a common physical urticaria, can be idiopathic or secondary to diseases with cold-dependent serum proteins. Delayed reactions occur 24-48 hours post-cold exposure, requiring serologic tests to rule out specific antibodies and proteins.

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    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Immunology
    • Allergy

    Background:

    • Cold urticaria is a prevalent form of physical urticaria.
    • It often presents as a chronic idiopathic condition.
    • It can also be secondary to underlying diseases involving abnormal cold-dependent serum proteins.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the understanding of cold urticaria.
    • To highlight the characteristics of delayed cold urticaria.
    • To emphasize the importance of diagnostic testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical presentation and pathophysiology.
    • Description of cold challenge testing.
    • Recommendation for serologic tests.

    Main Results:

    • Delayed cold urticaria manifests with hives 24-48 hours after cold exposure.
    • Serologic tests are crucial for differential diagnosis.
    • Exclusion of cold agglutinins, Donath-Landsteiner antibody, cryoglobulins, and cryofibrinogen is recommended.

    Conclusions:

    • Cold urticaria diagnosis requires careful evaluation.
    • Identifying secondary causes is essential for effective management.
    • Specific serologic tests aid in excluding associated conditions.