Stereoelectronic Interactions as a Probe for the Existence of the Intramolecular α-Effect

The first systematic study of the intramolecular α-effect, both in the stable ground-state structures and in the high-energy intermediates, was accomplished using the anomeric effect as an internal stereoelectronic probe. Contrary to the expectations based on the simple orbital mixing model, the lone pairs in a pair of neutral directly connected heteroatoms are not raised in energy to become stronger donors toward adjacent σ- and π-acceptors. Instead, the key n_(X-Y)→σ*_C-F interactions (X,Y = O,N) in the "α-systems" (both acyclic and constrained within a heterocyclohexane frame) are weaker than n_X→σ*_C-F interactions in "normal" systems. Surprisingly, polar solvent effects increase the apparent magnitude of α-effect as measured via increase in the anomeric stabilization. This behavior is opposite to the solvent dependence of normal systems where the anomeric effect is severely weakened by polar solvents. This contrasting behavior reflects the different balance of electrostatic and conjugative interactions in the two types of anomeric systems: the α-systems suffer less from the unfavorable orientation of bond dipoles in the equatorial conformer, a destabilizing electrostatic effect that is shielded by the polar environments. A weak α-effect is brought to life when the buttressing α-heteroatom bears a negative charge. However, electrostatic components mask the role of stabilizing orbital interactions. In contrast, the increased electron demand in carbocations and related electron-deficient TS- like structures does not lead to activation of the α-effect. As a consequence, we observed that ethers are better radical- and cation-stabilizing groups than peroxides. The latter finding should have significant implications for understanding the mechanistic complexity associated with the interaction of carbonyl compounds with hydroperoxides and H₂O₂ in acidic media, as such reactions involve α-cationic intermediates.