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The Association Between Glaucoma, Anxiety, and Depression in a Large Population
Xinxin Zhang1, Daniel James Olson2, Patrick Le1
1University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Purpose:
To investigate the association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression.
Design:
Retrospective case-control study.
Methods:
Settings: University of North Carolina hospitals and outpatient clinics.
Study Population:
All patients over the age of 18 years seen between July 1, 2008 and October 1, 2015 were included.
Observation Procedure:
International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify cases of glaucoma, as well as anxiety and depression.
Outcome Measure:
Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression. OR were also calculated for above diagnoses separated by age group and sex.
Results:
A total of 4 439 518 patients were screened, of which 11 234 (0.3%) have glaucoma, 96 527 (2.2%) have anxiety, and 103 476 (2.3%) have depression. The adjusted OR was 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.0-11.0) for glaucoma and anxiety and 12.3 (95% CI 11.8-12.9) for glaucoma and depression. The likelihood of having anxiety and depression along with glaucoma did not change with age (P = .088, P = .736).
Conclusion:
There was a statistically significant association between glaucoma and each of anxiety and depression.
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