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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Characterization of the human thyroid epigenome.

Celia Siu1,2, Sam Wiseman3, Sitanshu Gakkhar1

  • 1Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences CentreBC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study maps the human thyroid epigenome, revealing key epigenetic markers and gene expression patterns essential for normal thyroid function and metabolism regulation. These findings provide a foundational resource for understanding thyroid biology.

Keywords:
ChIP-seqepigeneticsgene expressiongene regulationthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The thyroid gland regulates metabolism via thyroid hormone production.
  • Understanding normal thyroid function is crucial for diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders.
  • Epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling offers insights into cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate the first reference epigenomes for human thyroid tissue.
  • To identify epigenetic features and gene expression patterns critical for thyroid function.
  • To establish a resource for deeper understanding of thyroid molecular biology.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) for six histone modifications.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for transcriptome analysis.
  • Hidden Markov model for chromatin state identification and epigenomic mapping.

Main Results:

  • Established epigenomic maps of 19 chromatin states in human thyroid.
  • Identified that promoter and transcription elongation features are more consistent than enhancers.
  • Found epigenetically active genes with consistent expression across individuals show higher activity.
  • Discovered 18 genes consistently epigenetically active and expressed, likely vital for thyroid function.

Conclusions:

  • The generated epigenomes provide a valuable resource for thyroid research.
  • This study deepens the understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid function.
  • The findings facilitate comparative analysis with other human epigenomic data.