Autophagy induction plays a protective role against hypoxic stress in human dental pulp cells

Human dental pulp exposed to hypoxic conditions induces cell death accompanied by autophagy. However, the role of hypoxia-induced autophagy in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of HDPCs. Cobalt chloride (CoCl₂ ) treated HDPCs, to mimic hypoxic conditions, decreased cell viability. Also, apoptosis-related signal molecules, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP levels, were enhanced in CoCl₂ -treated HDPCs. HDPCs exposed to CoCl₂ also promoted autophagy, showing upregulated p62 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II levels, typical autophagic markers, and increased acidic autophagolysosomal vacuoles. Autophagy inhibition by 3 methyladenine (3MA) or RNA interference of LC3B resulted in increased levels of cleaved PARP and caspase-3, and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol in the CoCl₂ -treated HDPCs. However, autophagy activation by rapamycin enhanced the p62 and LC3-II levels, whereas it reduced PARP and caspase-3 cleavage induced by CoCl_2. These results revealed that CoCl₂ -activated autophagy showed survival effects against CoCl₂ -induced apoptosis in the HDPCs. CoCl₂ upregulated HIF-1α and decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR/p70S6K. HIF-1α inhibitor, YC-1 decreased p62 and LC3-II levels, whereas it augmented PARP and caspase-3 cleavage in response to CoCl₂ . Also, YC-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K suppressed by CoCl₂ , demonstrating that CoCl₂ -induced autophagy via mTOR/p70S6K is mediated by HIF-1α. Taken together, these finding suggest that CoCl₂ -induced autophagy mediated by the mTOR/p70S6K pathway plays a protective role against hypoxic stress in HDPCs.