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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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DNA Sequences in Centromere Formation and Function.

M Dumont1, D Fachinetti2

  • 1Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
|August 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centromeres ensure accurate chromosome segregation via epigenetic marks like CENP-A. However, specific DNA sequences and CENP-B suggest a genetic role in centromere identity and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Centromeres are crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • Centromeric chromatin, enriched with CENP-A, acts as the epigenetic mark for centromere identity.
  • The presence of specific DNA sequences and CENP-B suggests a potential genetic component in centromere function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of centromeric DNA sequences in centromere formation and function.
  • To discuss the interplay between DNA sequences and epigenetic marks in maintaining centromere identity.
  • To explore the centromere DNA sequence/CENP-B paradox.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on centromere structure and function.
  • Analysis of the role of repetitive DNA sequences in centromere establishment.
  • Examination of the function of CENP-A and CENP-B in different eukaryotes.

Main Results:

  • Centromeres are established on repetitive DNA sequences and specialized chromatin.
  • CENP-A is the key epigenetic marker for centromere identity.
  • Specific DNA sequences and CENP-B binding suggest a genetic contribution to centromere function.

Conclusions:

  • Centromere identity relies on both epigenetic (CENP-A) and potentially genetic (DNA sequences, CENP-B) factors.
  • Understanding the centromere DNA sequence/CENP-B paradox is crucial for a complete picture of centromere biology.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the genetic contribution to centromere formation and maintenance.