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Related Concept Videos

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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X and Y Chromosomes02:32

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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X Chromosome Evolution in Cetartiodactyla.

Anastasia A Proskuryakova1,2, Anastasia I Kulemzina3, Polina L Perelman4,5

  • 1Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. andrena@mcb.nsc.ru.

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|September 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The X chromosome in Cetartiodactyla (cattle, whales, deer) shows significant rearrangements and new centromere formation, unlike other mammals. This study reconstructs the ancestral X chromosome structure in this diverse group.

Keywords:
PecoraRuminantiacattle bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clonescentromere repositionfluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)intrachromosomal rearrangementsinversion

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Mammalian Chromosome Research

Background:

  • The X chromosome is highly conserved in eutherian mammals, with notable exceptions in Cetartiodactyla.
  • Cetartiodactyl X chromosomes exhibit wide variations in morphology and G-banding, suggesting extensive rearrangements over 80 million years.
  • Hypotheses suggest changes in centromere position and syntenic segment order drove this evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history of the X chromosome in Cetartiodactyla.
  • To identify conserved synteny blocks and chromosomal rearrangements within this order.
  • To reconstruct the ancestral cetartiodactyl X chromosome structure.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 26 conserved bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from the cattle X chromosome.
  • Performed high-resolution BAC mapping using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) across diverse cetartiodactyl species.
  • Mapped the X chromosome in various species including pig, alpaca, whale, hippopotamus, deer, and cattle.

Main Results:

  • Identified three major conserved synteny blocks and distinct rearrangements in different cetartiodactyl lineages.
  • Documented at least five instances of evolutionary new centromere emergence during Cetartiodactyla X chromosome evolution.
  • Revealed significant divergence in X chromosome structure across the Cetartiodactyla order.

Conclusions:

  • The X chromosome in Cetartiodactyla has undergone substantial rearrangements and multiple centromere repositioning events.
  • The study proposes a model for the ancestral cetartiodactyl X chromosome structure.
  • Findings shed light on the rapid evolution and diversification of sex chromosomes in this mammalian order.